| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module are devices that convert sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that collects sunlight to generate heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or electricity production. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, famous sights, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed terrain of undulating terrain, old castles, and bustling urban centers that combine tradition with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural radiance emitted by the sun, crucial for existence on Earth as it supplies fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of power due to the motion of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers innumerable devices and infrastructures, enabling today’s lifestyle and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a negative electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way movement of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electric power to run various digital equipment. It consists of several electrochemical units, each comprising positive and negative electrodes interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly power option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into AC suitable for domestic use and grid connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing secure, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity periodically, usually used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over extended spans and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to measure the size, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement during the day, enhancing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale installations that harness sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a sustainable and sustainable energy resource, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic cells on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This electricity is then sent wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess energy generated from renewable energy or the power grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These systems generally use batteries to offer backup power, reduce energy costs, and support grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar cells chronicles the progress and advancements in solar power technology from the initial finding of the solar effect to modern high-performance photovoltaic modules. It features major milestones, including the invention of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing advances that have greatly boosted energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born scientist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His tests laid the basis for grasping how radiation interacts with certain materials to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrician and researcher known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States innovator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned research and development organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and 14, widely known for its key role in the production of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a tough, fragile solid substance with a bluish-gray sheen, primarily used as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little unit installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method increases system performance, allows for improved performance oversight, and improves power output in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a unit that converts sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in solar arrays to offer a renewable and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a elementary particle which represents a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It serves a key role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds convert sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core foundation behind solar panel systems, facilitating the capturing of solar energy for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a thin slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the rate at which electricity flows by an electrical circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and renewable energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the SI system, indicating the rate of energy movement or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic voltage difference between two points, which drives the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the work per unit charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of electrical potential, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the voltage per unit charge between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor, usually measured in amperes. It is essential for powering electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the unit of electrical current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It affects the configuration and power of power systems to ensure reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a easy and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for powering and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a instrument that changes direct current (DC) from sources like accumulators or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the operation of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as an collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the daytime, enhancing power intake. This system increases the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by ensuring ideal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to enhance the power generation of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the working point to match the peak power point of the solar cells. This process ensures the best performance power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that observes and examines the effectiveness of solar panel systems in live, providing useful data on power output and system condition. It aids maximize solar energy generation by identifying faults promptly and securing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless minute silicon lattice structures, frequently used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to form a high-purity, polycrystalline structure fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a premium variant of silicon with a uniform crystal structure, making it highly efficient for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its homogeneous framework allows for better charge movement, resulting in higher performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of thin film solar technology that provides a affordable and effective option for extensive solar energy generation. They are their excellent absorption efficiency and relatively affordable manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film solar cells that employ a layered compound of Cu, In, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into electricity effectively. They are noted for their high light capturing performance, bendability, and potential for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered atomic configuration, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its affordability and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that use several p-n junctions stacked together to capture a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, greatly enhancing their efficiency. They are mostly employed in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays serve as crucial elements that transform solar radiation into electric power to operate onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, durable, and crafted to function effectively in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor famous for its great electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is perfect for massive solar power plants in areas with direct sunlight, offering a economical option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for superior performance and bendability. They offer a easy-to-handle, economical alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a delicate layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in multiple technological applications. These coatings are vital in electronic systems, optics, and films for their particular physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of material spanning a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These films are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equal to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate gauges used to exactly measure tiny gaps or depths, generally in mechanical engineering and production. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a thin, ring-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the base for fabricating semiconductor devices. It serves as the basic material in the creation of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film solar modules known for their superior output and flexibility, ideal for multiple fields. They utilize a stratified semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight straight into power with remarkable effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert solar energy directly into power using PV cells, supplying a sustainable energy source for household, industrial, and grid applications. They deliver a environmentally friendly, renewable, and economical way to cut down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that use organic materials, to transform sun's energy into electrical power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and provide cost-effective, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential electronic material used in layer solar panels due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an desirable option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as roofing, outer walls, and glazing. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves placing a transparent film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building windows to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of photovoltaic power stations information various massive solar energy facilities around the world, highlighting their capacities and sites. These stations play a crucial role in green energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale installations that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in clean energy production, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably sourced, such as the sun, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly solution to non-renewable energy sources, reducing environmental harm and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, petroleum, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the primary power sources for power production and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electricity. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how effectively a solar cell generates sunlight into usable electricity. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This event provided critical proof for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This development is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by boosting the share of clean solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a commercial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent component that bends light to converge or separate rays, creating images. It is often used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It improves the clarity and illumination of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes negate each other, causing a diminution or total eradication of the resultant waveform. This phenomenon typically happens when the waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is an electric current that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates sinusoidally throughout its cycle, permitting effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a compact device used to change DC from a individual solar module into AC suitable for home applications. It boosts system efficiency by enhancing power output at the panel level and eases installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a setup where the voltage level and electric flow regularly reverse polarity, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in residences and factories to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to deliver DC power from a power source to an device. It generally consists of a round plug and receptacle that guarantee a reliable and consistent connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international protection approval agency that evaluates and certifies products to ensure they meet particular safety requirements. It supports consumers and companies recognize dependable and safe products through rigorous review and analysis processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the identical electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a semiconductor device that permits current to flow in one way only, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12-volt, designed to provide electrical energy for various devices and add-ons within a automobile. It permits users to charge electronic electronics or run small appliances while on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripherals to computing systems, allowing information exchange and electric power. It backs a wide range of hardware such as input devices, mouses, external storage, and mobile phones, with multiple generations delivering higher speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into usable energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy output and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of EM radiation, spanning from wireless signals to gamma radiation, all possessing different wavelengths and energy levels. This range is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the sun. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D production but can also result in skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color scheme based on shades of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This composition approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to measure the magnitude of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in grasping the dispersion and movement of power across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to describe the distribution of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large volume of atmosphere with relatively uniform thermal and dampness properties, coming from from certain starting regions. These air masses affect climate trends and sky situations as they move across diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the power per square kilometer received from the solar source in the form of solar rays. It varies with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, impacting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the buildup of debris, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which diminishes their output. Consistent upkeep and servicing are important to reduce energy decrease and ensure best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, going around the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a measure of the maximum power output of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak ability to generate electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to measure the electrical potential between two locations in a electrical system. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in PV modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal chemical element essential for plant growth and used in different industrial uses, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical properties that make it beneficial in creating robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using large collections of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while simultaneously producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo effect and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides cover while producing electricity through integrated solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of numerous photovoltaic modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to generate clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that offers shade and cover from the conditions for al fresco areas. It improves the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a pleasant space for leisure and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line connecting an observer to a target object. It is frequently used in navigation, surveying, and astronomy to indicate the orientation of an object relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical features, making it a common option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy integration and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of electricity equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to assess big energy generation and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, national grids, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, specializing in manufacturing thin film solar cells that provide excellent efficiency and low-cost power generation. The organization is dedicated to sustainable renewable energy advancement and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly connecting various components of manufacturing and automated systems to enhance performance and dependability. It focuses on creating cutting-edge solutions that promote efficient communication and interoperability among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an top China's company focused on producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. Renowned for cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly energy programs in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often employed to indicate the capacity of large-scale power generation or consumption. It highlights the immense energy extent involved in contemporary power framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production decreases as overall production increases, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and improving productivity in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, renewable energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or less than the price of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that renewable energy sources are economically viable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the main electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a grid of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is captured from the solar radiation using solar cells to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to produce heat. It represents a sustainable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy source that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, commercial, and factory sites to generate green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered goods features a variety of gadgets that utilize sunlight to generate energy, promoting environmentally friendly and renewable living. These products include ranging from solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor tools, offering versatile alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a plant that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses plus reflectors focusing solar radiation onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, considerably enhancing power output from less space. This approach works well where bright, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to cut the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
