| Solar panel | Solar panel serve as components that change sunlight to electricity using solar cells. These are an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate warmth, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural traditions, notable attractions, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of undulating terrain, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that combine heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic light emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of power resulting from the flow of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels countless appliances and systems, facilitating today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way movement of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, electrical sources, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into current to operate various electronic gadgets. It includes one or more galvanic units, each containing anode and cathode divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into AC appropriate for household use and grid connection. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring reliable, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction periodically, typically used in home and industrial power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to ascertain the dimension, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, thermometers, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a sustainable and sustainable energy resource, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic panels on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then sent wirelessly to Earth for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy independence and effectiveness. These installations commonly employ batteries to provide backup power, lower energy expenses, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of photovoltaic cells chronicles the development and innovations in solar power technology from the early discovery of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary advanced solar arrays. It features significant innovations, including the creation of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing innovations that have substantially boosted power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His research laid the basis for comprehending how radiation interacts with particular media to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development entity historically associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its crucial role in the production of electronics and solar modules. It is a hard, breakable crystalline material with a bluish-gray shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little component installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This technology increases system performance, facilitates enhanced system tracking, and boosts energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a unit that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to provide a renewable and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a elementary particle representing a quantum of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It has a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core concept behind solar panel systems, facilitating the utilization of solar energy for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use strata of semiconductor substances a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, furnishings, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the speed at which electric power flows by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and green energy, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the SI system, representing the speed of energy movement or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which causes the stream of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the energy per unit charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of voltage, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the passage of electrical charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in amps. It is crucial for powering electronic devices and allowing the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electrical current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a wire over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and size of power systems to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for recharging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a instrument that transforms direct current (DC) from inputs like batteries or solar arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It allows the use of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of several individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically adjust the orientation of solar panels to track the sun movement throughout the 24 hours, maximizing solar energy capture. This system improves the efficiency of solar power gathering by ensuring best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the working point to align with the peak power point of the solar cells. This procedure guarantees the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that tracks and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in live, delivering important data on power output and system status. It aids optimize solar energy generation by spotting faults early and guaranteeing optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous minute silicon crystal structures, frequently used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves melting and restructuring silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline type fit for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a uniform crystal arrangement, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent framework allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a category of film solar method that presents a affordable and effective option for massive solar energy production. They are known as their excellent absorption efficiency and moderately low manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film photovoltaic cells that use a composite compound of copper, In, gallium, and Se to convert sunlight into power effectively. They are known for their excellent absorption effectiveness, bendability, and possibility for compact, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous molecular configuration, making it easier to handle and simpler to apply than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that use several p-n junctions layered in tandem to collect a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. They are primarily applied in space applications and high-performance solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that generate sunlight into electrical energy to operate onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and performance in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technique is suitable for large-scale solar power plants in areas with direct sunlight, providing a affordable option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a slender layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These layers are crucial in electronic systems, optical systems, and coatings for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and affordable energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound ranging from tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics industry, light manipulation, and healthcare, to change surface traits or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or depths, commonly in manufacturing and production. They feature a scaled screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a slender, ring-shaped slice of silicon crystal used as the platform for constructing semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the creation of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact solar units known for their superior output and flexibility, ideal for multiple fields. They utilize a stratified layered semiconductor setup that transforms sunlight straight into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being affordable and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into electricity using PV cells, supplying a sustainable energy source for residential, industrial, and large-scale applications. They offer a eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and adaptable alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that use carbon-based compounds, to convert sun's energy into electric power. They are lightweight, pliable, and offer the potential for lower-cost, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous electronic material used in thin-film solar modules due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an desirable substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and windows. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of cars or structures glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of solar power stations overview various large-scale solar energy facilities around the planet, highlighting their capacities and locations. These stations play a crucial role in green energy production and global efforts to reduce carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climatic shifts, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as the sun, air currents, and water. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to non-renewable energy sources, reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and fossil gas, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the chief energy sources for electricity generation and mobility but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in electricity plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as lead, mercury, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency assesses how effectively a photovoltaic device generates sunlight into usable electrical energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is key for optimizing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has sped up rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This expansion is changing the world energy sector by increasing the share of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through component that refracts light to focus or separate rays, creating images. It is often used in equipment like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and increase light flow. It boosts the sharpness and brightness of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, resulting in a reduction or complete elimination of the combined wave. This occurrence usually happens when the waveforms are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates sinusoidally over time, permitting cost-effective transfer across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a compact device used to transform DC from a single solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It improves system performance by maximizing energy production at the panel level and simplifies setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a system where the voltage level and current regularly reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is generally used in homes and industries to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical plug used to provide DC power from a power source to an device. It generally consists of a round plug and socket that ensure a secure and consistent link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international security approval body that evaluates and approves products to ensure they adhere to certain safety requirements. It assists consumers and firms find dependable and safe products through thorough evaluation and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this setup, the same current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to pass in a single direction exclusively, acting as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, intended to supply electrical power for multiple devices and add-ons within a vehicle. It permits users to power electronic devices or run small devices during on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral devices to PCs, enabling information exchange and electric power. It accommodates a wide range of hardware such as input devices, mice, external drives, and smartphones, with different generations providing faster speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy production and making solar power affordable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio waves to gamma radiation, all possessing diverse lengths and energy levels. This range is fundamental to many technologies and the natural world, enabling data exchange, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It serves a important role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on variations of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and accord. This design approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to measure the intensity of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the distribution and movement of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to describe the spread of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial body of air with relatively consistent thermal and humidity characteristics, deriving from from particular origin regions. These air masses influence climate trends and atmospheric situations as they pass through various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the intensity per square meter received from the Sun in the type of solar rays. It fluctuates with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting global climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the accumulation of debris, and impurities on the surface of photovoltaic modules, which decreases their efficiency. Regular cleaning and servicing are necessary to minimize energy decrease and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It poses a significant safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the maximum power capacity of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak potential to generate electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to determine the potential difference between two locations in a electrical system. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where elevated voltage stress causes a significant reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic element essential for plant growth and used in multiple industrial applications, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has unique chemical properties that render it useful in manufacturing long-lasting, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a solid and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using vast arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of employing land for both solar energy output and cultivation, making the most of space and resources. This method enhances crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar panels designed to harvest sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a framework that provides shade while generating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a group of numerous photovoltaic modules configured to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to produce renewable, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a structure that delivers shade and cover from the weather for al fresco areas. It boosts the functionality and look of a courtyard, making it a comfortable space for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a target object. It is commonly used in wayfinding, mapping, and astronomy to define the direction of an object with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It exhibits outstanding optical properties, making it a preferred option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in promoting solar energy adoption and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to assess large-scale electricity generation and utilization. It is typically associated with power plants, power grids, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar PV energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film-based solar modules that deliver high-performance and low-cost power generation. The company is dedicated to sustainable energy development and decreasing the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in seamlessly linking various elements of industrial and automated systems to boost productivity and reliability. It aims on building innovative solutions that enable seamless communication and interoperability among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading China's corporation specializing in the manufacturing and development of solar photovoltaic products and solutions. It is known for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives within renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion W, often used to indicate the ability of large-scale power production or consumption. It underscores the huge energy scale involved in current energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the unit cost reduces as overall production increases, due to learning and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and improving productivity in manufacturing and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a clean, sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy becomes equal to or less than the price of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that green energy sources are financially viable with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the main electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a grid of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through thermal solar systems to generate heat. It represents a sustainable, renewable, and eco-conscious source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and manufacturing settings to generate renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered products features a selection of devices that capture sunlight to produce energy, encouraging green and sustainable living. These items include everything from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, delivering flexible options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a facility that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a green energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses and reflectors focusing sunlight onto highly efficient solar cells, significantly boosting power output using a smaller area. This technology is highly suitable in areas with direct, strong sunlight and provides an innovative way to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
